desmarestianus represents a species complex. desmarestianus, morphological, karyological, and genetic data indicate that H. Heteromys nubicolens is likely widespread throughout the Cordillera de Tilarán and Cordillera de Guanacaste, but its presence in other areas of the country is unlikely. nubicolens occur in three highland areas (Monteverde, Volcán Rincón de la Vieja-Volcán Santa Maria, and Cerro Cacao), but populations in these areas are probably disjunct, being separated by intervening lowlands. desmarestianus has a wider interorbital region and a wider braincase. nubicolens differs by overall larger size and by distinctive cranial proportions.
Externally, both species possess dark brown dorsal pelage, but H. Heteromys desmarestianus is found in the surrounding mesic lowlands and foothills. This new species ranges from 750 to 1840 m in elevation in the Cordillera de Tilarán and Cordillera de Guanacaste. Our morphological and morphometric analyses of specimens from northwestern Costa Rica reveal the presence of an undescribed species of the genus, which we describe as Heteromys nubicolens.
oresterus is known from only a few localities at high elevations in the western portion of the Cordillera de Talamanca in central Costa Rica. desmarestianus is considered to occur throughout the wet Caribbean lowlands, as well as at middle and high elevations on the Caribbean and Pacific slopes of the country's main montane systems. Recent taxonomic works have recognized only two species of spiny pocket mice of the genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) from Costa Rica.
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